Chapter	Title	Page
	Prefaces	xi
1	Introduction	1
	History of Soil Classification in Canada	1
	The early years, 1914-1940	1
	From 1940 to 1996	2
	Rationale of Soil Taxonomy in Canada	5
	The nature of soil	5
	Nature and purpose of soil classification	5
	Misconceptions about soil taxonomy	5
	Attributes of the Canadian system	6
	Bases of criteria for defining taxa at various categorical levels	7
	Relationship of taxonomic classes to environments	7
	Relationship of the Canadian system to other systems of soil taxonomy	8
	Summary	8
2	Soil, Pedon, Control Section, and Soil Horizons	9
	Soil and Nonsoil	9
	Pedon, the Basic Unit of Soil	9
	Control Section	11
	Mineral soils	11
	Organic soils	11
	Soil Horizons and Other Layers	11
	Mineral horizons and layers	12
	Lowercase suffixes	12
	Named diagnostic horizons and layers ofmineral soils	16
	Organic horizons	17
	Named layers and materials of Organic soils	19
	Tests for distinguishing organic layers	20
	von Post scale of decomposition	20
	Rules concerning horizon and layer designations	21
	Need for precise definitions of horizons and layers	22
3	Outline of the System and a Key to the Classification of a Pedon	23
	Outline of the System	23
	Classifying a Pedon	33
	Key to Soil Orders	33
	Key to Soil Great Groups	35
	Key to Soil Subgroups	37
4	Brunisolic Order	53
	Distinguishing Brunisolic Soils from Soils of Other Orders	54
	Melanic Brunisol	55
	Eutric Brunisol	56
	Sombric Brunisol	57
	Dystric Brunisol	58
5	Chernozemic Order	61
	Distinguishing Chernozemic Soils from Soils of Other Orders	62
	Brown Chernozem	63
	Dark Brown Chernozem	66
	Black Chernozem	68
	Dark Gray Chernozem	69
6	Cryosolic Order	73
	Turbic Cryosol	74
	Static Cryosol	77
	Organic Cryosol	79
7	Gleysolic Order	81
	Distinguishing Gleysolic Soils from Soils of Other Orders	83
	Luvic Gleysol	84
	Humic Gleysol	85
	Gleysol	86
8	Luvisolic Order	89
	Distinguishing Luvisolic Soils from Soils of Other Orders	91
	Gray Brown Luvisol	91
	Gray Luvisol	93
9	Organic Order	97
	Distinguishing Organic Soils from Soils of Other Orders	99
	Fibrisol	99
	Mesisol	101
	Humisol	102
	Folisol	104
10	Podzolic Order	107
	Distinguishing Podzolic Soils from Soils of Other Orders	109
	Humic Podzol	110
	Ferro-Humic Podzol	112
	Humo-Ferric Podzol	114
11	Regosolic Order	117
	Distinguishing Regosolic Soils from Soils of Other Orders	117
	Regosol	118
	Humic Regosol	119
12	Solonetzic Order	121
	Distinguishing Solonetzic Soils from Soils of Other Orders	123
	Solonetz	123
	Solodized Solonetz	124
	Solod	126
	Vertic Solonetz	128
13	Vertisolic Order	131
	Distinguishing Vertisolic Soils from Soils of Other Orders	132
	Vertisol	132
	Humic Vertisol	133
14	Soil Family and Series	135
	Family Criteria and Guidelines forMineral Soils	136
	Family Criteria and Guidelines for Organic Soils	141
	Nomenclature for Soil Families	144
	Soil Series	146
15	Soil Phase	149
	Slope	149
	Water Erosion	149
	Wind Erosion	149
	Soil Deposition	150
	Stoniness	150
	Rock Outcrop	150
	Folic	151
	Peaty	151
	Cryic	151
	Cryoturbated	151
	Other Differentiae	151
16	Correlation of Canadian Soil Taxonomy with Other Systems	153
17	Terminology for Describing Soils	157
17	Example of a Pedon Description	158
18	Landform Classification	161
	History	161
	Scope	161
	Objectives	162
	Genetic Materials	162
	Material Modifiers	164
	Surface Expression	165
	Slope	174
	Modifying Processes	174
	Qualifying Descriptors	175
	Mapping Conventions	176
	References	179
	Index	183

Figures	Title	Page
1	Pedon of Orthic Turbic Cryosol in area of nonsorted circles	10
2	Pedon of Gleyed Vertic Black Chernozem with tonguing Ah horizon	10
3	Pedon of Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, turbic phase, in hummocky terrain due to blowdown of trees	10
4	Orthic Melanic Brunisol, Ontario	27
5	Eluviated Eutric Brunisol, British Columbia	27
6	Eluviated Dystric Brunisol, Saskatchewan	27
7	Orthic Brown Chernozem, Alberta	27
8	Orthic Black Chernozem, Alberta	28
9	Orthic Eutric Turbic Cryosol, Northwest Territories	28
10	Brunisolic Dystric Static Cryosol, Northwest Territories	28
11	Glacic Organic Cryosol, Northwest Territories	28
12	Orthic Humic Gleysol, Ontario	29
13	Rego Gleysol, peaty phase, Ontario	29
14	Fera Gleysol, Ontario	29
15	Orthic Gray Brown Luvisol, Ontario	29
16	Orthic Gray Luvisol, Alberta	30
17	Mesic Fibrisol, Alberta	30
18	Humic Mesisol, British Columbia	30
19	Orthic Humic Podzol, Newfoundland	30
20	Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol, Quebec	31
21	Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, Nova Scotia	31
22	Orthic Regosol, Northwest Territories	31
23	Cumulic Regosol, Northwest Territories	31
24	Brown Solodized Solonetz, Saskatchewan	32
25	Brown Solod, Saskatchewan	32
26	Orthic Humic Vertisol,Manitoba	32
27	Orthic Vertisol, Saskatchewan	32
28	Diagrammatic horizon pattern of some subgroups of the Brunisolic order	54
29	Diagrammatic horizon pattern of some subgroups of the Chernozemic order	62
30	Diagrammatic horizon pattern of some subgroups of the Cryosolic order	74
31	Schematic representation of horizon pattern in some Turbic subgroups of the Cryosolic order	75
32	Diagrammatic horizon pattern of some subgroups of the Gleysolic order	82
33	Diagrammatic horizon pattern of some subgroups of the Luvisolic order	90
34	Diagrammatic representation of depth relationships in the control section used to classify Fibrisol,Mesisol, and Humisol great groups	98
35	Diagrammatic horizon pattern of some subgroups of the Fibrisol, Mesisol, and Humisol great groups	98
36	Diagrammatic horizon pattern of some subgroups of the Folisol great group	99
37	Diagrammatic horizon pattern of some subgroups of the Podzolic order	108
38	Diagrammatic horizon pattern of some subgroups of the Regosolic order	117
39	Diagrammatic horizon pattern of some subgroups of the Solonetzic order	122
40	Diagrammatic horizon pattern of some subgroups of the Vertisolic order	131
41	Family particle-size classes triangle and soil texture classes triangle	136
42	Soil texture classes triangle	158
43	Types, kinds, and classes of soil structure	160
44	Colluvial material	167
45	Eolian material	167
46	Fluvial material	167
47	Lacustrine material	167
48	Thin marine sands over marine clays in the background have been deranged by progressive rotational flow slides in the foreground	168
49	Morainal material	168
50	Colluvial apron at the base of Nahanni Butte, N.W.T.	168
51	Hummocky eolian material, active and stabilized sand dunes in Prince Edward Island	168
52	Fluvial fan in the foreground, Carcajou Lake, N.W.T.	169
53	Fluvial apron in the midground, Carcajou Canyon, N.W.T.	169
54	Ridged and hummocky glaciofluvial material, Kamloops, B.C.	169
55	Undulating glaciofluvial material, eastern New Brunswick	169
56	Morainal blanket over undulating bedrock, eastern Quebec	170
57	Hummocky and ridged morainal material in the midground and background, Kamloops, B.C.	170
58	Ridged morainal material. The lines of trees mark the swales between parallel ridges, southern Ontario	170
59	Rolling morainal material, southeastern Alberta	170
60	Undulating morainal material, southern Sask	171
61	Morainal veneer over rolling bedrock, Vancouver Island, B.C.	171
62	Hummocky glaciolacustrine material, Biggar, Sask	171
63	Level lacustrine material, southwestern Ontario	171
64	A lacustrine terrace dissected by streams between a river and hills, Kamloops, B.C.	172
65	Undulating marine landform marks the remnants of ancient clay flow slides, Pontiac County, Que.	172
66	Thin marine veneer over level bedrock, Grande-Anse, N.B.	172
67	Marine veneer and blanket over hummocky bedrock,Montmagny, Que.	172
68	The domed bog in the midground has mainly sphagnum vegetation, Sibbeston Lake, N.W.T.	173
69	Plateaus in this bog are marked by the light brown vegetation with sparse tree cover. The flat, reddish brown areas are sedge-covered fens, Norman Wells, N.W.T.	173
70	The horizontal fen in the foreground is dominated by sedge vegetation, Manitoba	173
71	The ribbed fen has sedge vegetation broken by low ridges where spruce trees grow, Fort Simpson, N.W.T.	173
72	On-site landform symbols	177

Tables	Title	Page
1	Strongly contrasting particle sizes	139
2	Key tomineralogy classes	140
3	Soil temperature classes	142
4	Soil moisture subclasses	143
5	Moisture subclasses as applied to Organic soils	145
6	Correlation of horizon definitions and designations	154
7	Correlation of United States and FAO diagnostic horizons with nearest Canadian equivalents	155
8	Taxonomic correlation at the Canadian order and great group levels	155
9	Terminology for various shapes and sizes of coarse fragments	157
10	Types and classes of soil structure	159